Strangle Options Strategy » Stock Options Trading

Is Option Trading Gambling?

admin — Sun, 17 Jan 2010 20:44:45 +0000

We have seen it way too often, haven’t we?
Advertisements that tout making thousands of percents in profits within days and millionaires made within weeks, all by option trading! Such advertisements usually draw hordes of hungry, indebted gamblers who need that “one big win” to recover their debts or losses elsewhere to their unusually expensive seminars.
95% of those who walked into such seminars, paid for it and actually traded options, lost all their money. 3% will make some money within the first few trades and then lose it all subsequently. 1% will really make some sustainable money and a final lucky 1% will make the 1000% a month on their first month (again, just to lose it all within the next month). Anyone who has been in this predicament usually think that option trading is nothing more than just a gamble on an instrument that has no value of its own.
Yet, many professional traders and fund managers are making a good, consistent profit from option trading! These professionals don’t make 1000% a month in profits, neither will they ever, but they continue to make a living in the markets month after month, year after year (me included)!
So, what makes option trading a real investment and trading activity to these professionals and a mere gamble for those who lost all their money attending option trading seminars?
The difference is in ATTITUDE. Attitude governs decisions and actions. Anyone who approaches option trading with the “get-rich-quick” attitude will also soon find themselves “getting-poorer-quicker” simply because these punters hoping to “make-it-big” on their next trade, totally rejects any semblance of a trade management strategy, totally cast aside sensible analysis in favor of a 50/50 “bet” and take totally senseless out of the money positions that either make it big or expire completely worthless!
A real option trading professional utilizes sensible money management strategy on every trading opportunity, weighted against the potential risk of non-performance. This means that a real option trader will never put all his money into one big out of the money position! A real option trading professional utilizes trade analysis methods based on proven methodologies so as to put the odds of performance in their favor and never treat every trade as a 50/50 bet. A real option trading professional calculates the amount of options leverage to be used on every trade so that his portfolio is never over-leveraged. A real option trading professional do not expect to make it big on his next trade and he is not aiming for one huge home run but a series of small wins that eventually adds up. A real option trading professional never allow one loss to wipe out his portfolio because he treats the market with respect knowing that no matter how much analysis has been conducted, there is always a chance that the market will work against him.
In a nutshell, a real option trading professional (and an option trading winner who stays in the game for years) differ from a gambler (who rarely survives for more than a month) mainly in terms of mental attitude! The wrong mental attitude transforms option trading from the sensible and sophisticated financial instrument that it is into nothing more than lottery tickets.
The problem with most option trading seminars today is that they don’t put these critical elements of successful option trading together! All they teach are how option trading can make anyone rich very quickly! It is like teaching someone how to queue up for a lottery ticket! A real option trading system incorporates all the critical elements to successful option trading; From looking for trading opportunities systematically, to analysis of that opportunity in view of the trading horizon required, to selecting the correct option based on the requirements of that opportunity to risk balanced trade management and more! One such option trading methodology is the Star Trading System that I have taught online for years.
So, isn’t it time you reviewed your attitude and approach towards option trading?

Options Trading Lesson: Volatility

admin — Sun, 17 Jan 2010 08:42:25 +0000

To get a firm grasp of volatility’s effect on vertical spreads, let us examine three spreads against different implied volatilities while keeping the stock price constant at 67.5. These are the 60 – 65, 65 – 70 and 70 – 75 call spreads.
In-the-Money Vertical Spreads
Looking at the in-the-money spread (June 60 – 65), we see that as volatility increases, the value of the spread decreases. This is because with the increased volatility, the stock has a greater tendency to move. That brings a higher probability of the stock moving to a price where the June 60 – 65 call spread will no longer be in-the-money.
To adjust for higher volatility risk, the spread will have less value. A general rule of thumb is that as volatility increases, the value of an in-the-money vertical spread decreases. Conversely, an in-the-money vertical spread’s value increases as volatility decreases.
At-the-Money Vertical Spreads
A change in volatility has very little effect on the at-the-money vertical spread (June 65 – 70). With the stock price located equidistant from the two strikes, each strike’s volatility component will be very similar. Therefore, both options will increase equally once volatility increases. Being long on one and short on the other, the increase in values will offset each other so the spread’s value will hold fairly constant. When volatility increases or decreases, the value of an at-the-money vertical spread will stay reasonably constant.
Out-of-the-Money Vertical Spreads
The out-of-the-money vertical spread (June 70 – 75) has the opposite effect of the in-the-money vertical spread (June 60 – 65). As volatility increases, the value of the out-of-the-money vertical spread will increase. This is because the increase in volatility assumes that the stock price is more likely to move. Thus, the out-of-the-money vertical call spread is more likely to finish in-the-money.
Because of this spread’s increased potential to finish in-the-money, its value will increase. The spread’s value will decrease if volatility decreases. On the other hand, an out-of-the-money vertical spread’s value increases when volatility increases.
When trying to estimate how your spread will change in price with volatility movement, you must understand how the price and Delta of both of your options – long and short – will act.
It bears repeating again that each spread is different and will act differently depending on where the stock is in relation to the spread and what implied volatility does.
Median Value
An important thing to note is that when volatility increases, spreads crunch to their median value. For example, the median value of a $5.00 spread will be $2.50 while a $10.00 spread will have a $5.00 median value.
Crunching to the median value means that a $5.00 spread with a median value over $2.50 will lose value and head toward the median price. That happens with an increase in volatility. Meanwhile, increased implied volatility will make a spread with a value less than $2.50, increase in value and rise toward median value.
When implied volatility decreases, the value of a $5.00 spread will move away from the median price of $2.50. Therefore, when implied volatility decreases, all the spreads valued above $2.50 will increase in value toward maximum value. Spreads valued below $2.50 will lose value and head toward $0.
The Effect of Time
Time affects the spread differently depending on where the stock is. Look at the QCOM 65 – 70 call spread. Look at the spread’s reaction to the passing of time with the stock price of $65.50.
The chart below shows what the spread’s value does as expiration approaches.
Month Months to Expiration 65 – 70 call spread value Change from prior
Jan. 05 (8 month option) 2.06 N/A
Oct. 04 (5 month option) 2.05 -.01
Jul. 04 (2 month option) 1.92 -.13
June 04 (1 month option) 1.65 -.27
With the stock at $65.50, the spread has $.50 of intrinsic value. Holding the stock price frozen at $65.50 until expiration, the spread would be worth $.50. The table above shows that the spread loses value as time passes and decreases in value toward its $.50 intrinsic value.
Next, look at the 65 – 70 spread’s reaction to the passage of time with the stock priced at $67.50.
Month Months to Expiration 65 – 70 call spread value Change from prior
Jan. 05 (8 month option) 2.33 N/A
Oct. 04 (5 month option) 2.37 +.04
Jul. 04 (2 month option) 2.44 +.07
June 04 (1 month option) 2.47 +.03
With the stock price located directly in between the two strikes, the price of the spread holds at approximately $2.50 throughout the passing of time. Take note that time has very little effect on a vertical spread when the stock price lies halfway (equidistant) between the two strikes of the spread.
Now, set the stock price at $69.50 and observe how the spread reacts over time.
Month Months to Expiration 65 – 70 call spread value Change from prior
Jan. 05 (8 month option) 2.55 N/A
Oct. 04 (5 month option) 2.67 +.12
Jul. 04 (2 month option) 2.96 +.29
June 04 (1 month option) 3.27 +.31
This spread increases in value as time passes. With the stock at $69.50, the spread has an intrinsic value of $4.50. If the stock held at $69.50 until expiration, the spread would be worth $4.50 because that is the amount of the spread’s intrinsic value. As time passes, the spread’s value will increase to finally reach $4.50 at expiration.
In conclusion, time’s effect on a vertical spread is contingent on where the stock is in relation to the spread.

An Introduction to Options and Futures Trading

admin — Wed, 30 Dec 2009 09:41:18 +0000

In the world of finances, futures and options are classed as “derivatives”. They are financial instruments whose prices are calculated by the price of another underlying asset or security. Generally, futures and options are used to guard against risk and for speculative roles. Whenever an investor from Europe purchases shares of an American company on the NYSE, for instance, he is exposed to some stock price fluctuations and currency exchange rate risks. To minimize his overall degree of risk, the investor can purchase currency options to make certain the exchange rate is fixed when he sells off the stock and converts the American dollars back into euros. We will now take a better look at how futures and options work.FuturesA future is merely an agreement to purchase or sell an asset for a preset price at a specified date in the future. A future’s fundamental asset can be, amongst a lot of other things, an agricultural commodity, individual shares, stock market indices, bonds, and interest rates. A future contract will have fixed delivery dates, traded units, and other clearly defined terms and conditions.For illustrative purposes, let’s imagine that you’ll “open” a futures position by either purchasing or trading an equity futures contract where the underlying asset are shares. Whenever you’re anticipating the price of the stock to go upwards in the near future, you will purchase a futures contract that will oblige you to receive a specified number of shares at a preset price on a certain date in the future. This is known as a long futures position. If, on the other hand, you’re anticipating the price of the stock to go downwards in the near future, you’ll sell a futures contract that will oblige you to deliver a specified number of shares at a preset price on a certain date in the future. This is known as a short futures position.Like any other kind of investment, futures contracts carry a risk – that market prices may not go in the direction you thought they would. Nevertheless, they enable you to profit both in a rising and a descending market. When you invest in shares, you typically profit from purchasing low and selling high. But with a short futures position, you can still make money even if the stock price drops.OptionsAn option gives its holder the right to purchase (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a planned price before or on a particular date in the future. But unlike a futures contract, the holder of an option is not obligated to take any action. If the holder decides not to exercise the option, all he stands to lose is the premium he gave for it.Imagine you currently have a number of shares of a specified company’s stock and you plan on selling them in a month. If you anticipate the share price to drop in this one-month time period, you could purchase a put option that will give you the right to sell your shares at a preset price at any time within the next thirty days.Whenever your expectations turn out to be right, you’ll be able to sell your shares at a price that is more than the market value.Options could be utilized as an insurance mechanism against future dips in the price of an underlying asset. The purchasing of options arrives with limited risk as the holder of the option only stands to lose the option premium if his anticipations of market movements do not happen. Additionally, they allow you to take part in market price movements without actually having to take on the underlying asset.Hopefully, this brief article has served to shed some light on what futures and options are and how they function. The examples preceding were very simplified and were only meant to show the basic concepts of derivative trading. In reality, trading with derivatives is a good deal more complex and warrants additional reading. You need to be extremely acquainted with the different types of products to be successful and fruitful in your positions.

Stock Options Trading: the ‘lean’

admin — Tue, 29 Dec 2009 08:49:47 +0000

Professional traders use the term “lean” to refer to one’s perception about the directional strength of the stock. When you own a stock and intend to hold it for a period of time, you are aware that you will probably be holding it while it goes up and while it goes down.

This means that at any given moment in time, you might have a different opinion of the potential movement of that stock. Knowing this, there is a way to address your present level of confidence or “lean.” You do this by your choice of which option you sell.

While it is true that the at-the-money option has the most amount of extrinsic value, it might not always be the ideal option to sell in every situation.

For instance, if you feel that the stock itself has a very high chance of producing capital appreciation above the potential amount of premium you could receive from selling an at-the-money call, then sell an out-of-the-money-call so you can allow yourself a little more room to the upside on the stock.

For example, let’s say the stock is trading at $27.00. Normally, you would sell the 27.5 calls at say $1.00. If the stock were to rise quickly and eclipse the $28.50 mark, then with the buy-write strategy, your position would have maxed out at $28.50, and you would have a $1.50 one month gain. Not bad, but if the stock went to $29.50 then you would have missed out on another $1.00 profit. However, if we had sold the 30 calls for $.30 then we would have another outcome. You bought the stock at $27.00 and sold the 30 calls for $.30 and the stock goes to $29.50.

You would have made $2.50 in capital appreciation and $.30 in option premium for a total of a $2.80 return.

So, if you feel the stock has a real good shot at taking a run up, you can lean your position long by selling an out-of-the-money call.

If you have a more neutral view on your stock you would sell an at-the-money-call in order to receive a bigger premium which allows for greater downside protection if the stock trades down and higher potential profit if the stock becomes stagnant.

This strategy also works on the downside. If, by chance, you feel that the stock may trade down a bit during the life of the option, then you can sell an in-the-money-call. The effect of this would be to provide you with a little extra premium to cover more downside risk.

Remember when you sell an option you seek to capture extrinsic value. An in-the-money option not only has extrinsic value but also some intrinsic value.

When you feel that you want to lean your covered call strategy (buy-write) a little short, choose to sell an in-the-money call so you can also have some intrinsic value to cover your downside.

As an example, say your stock is trading at $29.00 and you feel that your stock may trade down a little but still remain in an uptrend cycle. You don’t want to get rid of the stock but you also don’t want to lose any money so you sell the 27.5 call at $2.00.

The stock starts to trade down and finishes at $26.00. If you had owned the stock naked, then you would have lost three dollars since you owned the stock at $29.00 and it closed at $26.00 on expiration.

However, because you sold the 27.5 calls at $2.00, you would only realize a $1.00 loss in the stock. The premium received will offset the loss due to the fact that you identified and adjusted for a likely move.

As you can see, the buy-write strategy can be altered to fit any directional view you have on your selected stock.

Finally, if you intend to use the buy-write strategy successfully, you generally need to sell the calls against your stock on a consistent, recurring interval, over a period of time.

This means that you will have to be prepared to “roll” your calls out to the next month come expiration. Sometimes, all you’ll need to do is to sell the next month out call.

Options Trading Mastery: Spread Prices

admin — Sat, 26 Dec 2009 20:50:45 +0000

Vertical spreads will trade between its minimum and maximum values – zero and the difference between the two strikes. In the case of a vertical call spread, the spread will trade closer to zero when the stock trades closer to or lower than the lower strike price. The spread will trade closer to maximum value when the stock trades closer to or higher than the higher strike price.
Remember, this maximum gain occurs at expiration. Before that, the spread will trade with a premium.
Starting from a stock price of 37.5, a price located directly between the two strikes, (using our example of the August 35 – 40 call spread) we can see the approximate value of the spread is roughly $2.50. This is because the August 35 calls and the August 40 calls are equidistant from the current stock price of $37.50. Being equidistant from the stock, both the August 35 and 40 calls will have almost the same amount of extrinsic value in them.
Thus, the extrinsic values of the two options cancel themselves out since you are long one call and short the other. This would leave each option value consisting of only intrinsic value. With the stock at $37.50, the value of the August 35 – 40 call spread will be $2.50. The August 35 calls will have $2.50 in intrinsic value while the August 40 calls will have $0 in intrinsic value. The difference gives you a spread with a value of $2.50.
A general rule of thumb is if the stock price is located evenly between the two strike prices, the vertical spread should be worth roughly half of the value of the distance between the two strikes. This will be true for vertical put spreads as well as call spreads. From this rule, we can roughly estimate the vertical spread’s price per different stock prices.
For vertical call spreads, if the spread is worth roughly half of the difference between the two strikes with the stock price directly between the two strikes, then as the stock falls to lower strike and beyond, the spreads value will decrease and move closer to $0. Time left until expiration and volatility will dictate how close and how quickly it will approach $0. On the other side, as the stock climbs toward and above the upper strike, the spread’s value will increase toward its maximum value described by the difference between the two strikes.
For vertical put spreads, as the stock price decreases toward the lower strike price, the spread will increase in value and approach its maximum value as defined by the difference between the two strikes. As the stock price increases toward the higher strike, the spread will decrease in value and will approach $0. Again, time until expiration and volatility will determine how quickly and how close the spread will approach $0.
Factors that Affect Spread Pricing
The determination of pricing as described above works in most cases. Be aware that it assumes that the implied volatility in both the 35 and 40 calls is the same. Most often, these two options will have a slightly different implied volatility.
This intra-month difference in implied volatility values through different strikes is known as a vertical volatility skew. The reason the markets run volatility skews is to make sure that out of the money options have enough premium in them to justify the individual option’s risk/reward scenario.
Whatever factors affect the vertical spread, they are contingent on where the stock is in relation to the spread. Changes in implied volatility affect the price of a spread as stated above but the position of the stock in relation to the strikes of the spread is a key determinate of price.

Lessons in Options Trading Strategies – The Lean

admin — Tue, 15 Dec 2009 10:14:29 +0000

Professional traders use the term lean to refer to one’s perception about the directional strength of the stock. When you own a stock and intend to hold it for a period of time, you are aware that you will probably be holding it while it goes up and while it goes down.
This means that at any given moment in time, you might have a different opinion of the potential movement of that stock. Knowing this, there is a way to address your present level of confidence or ‘lean.’ You do this by your choice of which option you sell.
While it is true that the at-the-money option has the most amount of extrinsic value, it might not always be the ideal option to sell in every situation.
For instance, if you feel that the stock itself has a very high chance of producing capital appreciation above the potential amount of premium you could receive from selling an at-the-money call, then sell an out-of-the-money-call so you can allow yourself a little more room to the upside on the stock.
For example, let’s say the stock is trading at $27.00. Normally, you would sell the 27.5 calls at say $1.00. If the stock were to rise quickly and eclipse the $28.50 mark, then with the buy-write strategy, your position would have maxed out at $28.50, and you would have a $1.50 one month gain. Not bad, but if the stock went to $29.50 then you would have missed out on
another $1.00 profit. However, if we had sold the 30 calls for $.30 then we would have another outcome. You bought the stock at $27.00 and sold the 30 calls for $.30 and the stock goes to $29.50.
You would have made $2.50 in capital appreciation and $.30 in option premium for a total of a $2.80 return.
So, if you feel the stock has a real good shot at taking a run up, you can lean your position long by selling an out-of-the-money call.
If you have a more neutral view on your stock you would sell an at-the-money-call in order to receive a bigger premium which allows for greater downside protection if the stock trades down and higher potential profit if the stock becomes stagnant.
This strategy also works on the downside. If, by chance, you feel that the stock may trade down a bit during the life of the option, then you can sell an in-the-money-call. The effect of this would be to provide you with a little extra premium to cover more downside risk.
Remember when you sell an option you seek to capture extrinsic value. An in-the-money option not only has extrinsic value but also some intrinsic value.
When you feel that you want to lean your covered call strategy (buy-write) a little short, choose to sell an in-the-money call so you can also have some intrinsic value to cover your downside.
As an example, say your stock is trading at $29.00 and you feel that your stock may trade down a little but still remain in an uptrend cycle. You don’t want to get rid of the stock but you also don’t want to lose any money so you sell the 27.5 call at $2.00.
The stock starts to trade down and finishes at $26.00. If you had owned the stock naked, then you would have lost three dollars since you owned the stock at $29.00 and it closed at $26.00 on expiration.
However, because you sold the 27.5 calls at $2.00, you would only realize a $1.00 loss in the stock. The premium received will offset the loss due to the fact that you identified and adjusted for a likely move.
As you can see, the buy-write strategy can be altered to fit any directional view you have on your selected stock.
Finally, if you intend to use the buy-write strategy
successfully, you generally need to sell the calls against your stock on a consistent, recurring interval, over a period of time.
This means that you will have to be prepared to ‘roll’ your calls out to the next month come expiration. Sometimes, all you’ll need to do is to sell the next month out call.

Options Trading Mastery: Effects of Volatility on the Time Spread

admin — Wed, 09 Dec 2009 20:48:20 +0000

When purchasing a time spread, the investor should pay attention to not only the movement of the stock price, but also the movement of volatility. It plays a very large roll in the price of a time spread, which is an excellent way to take advantage of anticipated volatility movements in a hedged fashion.
Option Volatility
Since the time spread is composed of two options, the investor should understand the role of volatility in options as well as in time spreads. Let us start with option volatility.
We measure an option’s volatility component by a term called Vega. Vega, one of the components of the pricing model, measures how much an option’s price will change with a one-point (or tick) change in implied volatility. Based on present data, the pricing model assigns the Vega for each option at different strikes, different months and different prices of the stock.
Vega is always given in dollars per one tick volatility change. If an option is worth $1.00 at a 35 implied volatility and it has a .05 Vega, then the option will be worth $1.05 if implied volatility were to increase to 36 (up one tick) and $.95 if the implied volatility were to decrease to 34 (down one tick).
Keep these facts in mind as we continue to discuss Vega:
1. Vega measures how much an option price will change as volatility changes.
2. Vega increases as you look at future months and decreases as you approach expiration.
3. Vega is highest in the at-the-money options.
4. Vega is a strike-based number. It applies whether the strike is a call or a put.
5. Vega increases as volatility increases and decreases as volatility decreases.
It is important to note that an option’s volatility sensitivity increases with more time to expiration. Further out-month options have higher Vegas than the Vegas of the near term options. The further out you go over time, the higher the Vegas become. Although increasing, they do not progress in a linear manner. When you check the same strike price out over future months you will notice that Vega values increase as you move out over future months.
The at-the-money strike in any month will have the highest Vega. As you move away from the at-the-money strike in either direction, the Vega values decrease and continue to decrease the further away you get from the at-the-money strike. Remember, Vega (an option’s volatility component value) is highest in at-the-money, out-month options. Vega decreases the closer you get to expiration and the further away you move from the at-the-money strike.
The chart below shows Vega values for QCOM options. Observe the important elements. The stock price is constant at 68.5. Volatility is constant at 40. Time progresses from June to January. Finally, the strike price changes from 50 through 80. Notice the increasing pattern as you go out over time and how the value decreases as you move away from the at-the-money strike.
Chart 3- Vega
Stock Price 68.5 Vol. 40
Strike June July October January
50 0 .008 .064 .114
55 .004 .030 .102 .153
60 .023 .063 .135 .184
65 .053 .090 .157 .205
70 .056 .094 .165 .215
75 .032 .077 .154 .213
80 .011 .052 .142 .203
Another important fact about Vega is that it is a strike-based number. This means that the Vega number does not differentiate between put and call. Vega tells the volatility sensitivity of the strike regardless of whether you are looking at puts or calls. Therefore, the Vega number of a call and its corresponding put are identical.
The chart below shows the Vega values for calls and the corresponding puts. As you can see, these values match up in every instance.
Chart 6
Strike Price-Call Vega-Put Vega
June
60 .023 .023
65 .053 .053
70 .056 .056
July
60 .063 .063
65 .090 .090
70 .094 .094
October
60 .135 .135
65 .157 .157
70 .165 .165
January
60 .184 .184
65 .205 .205
70 .215 .215
Vega can also calculate how much a specific option’s price will change with a movement in implied volatility. You simply count how many volatility ticks implied volatility has moved. Multiply that number times the Vega and either add it (if volatility increased) to the option’s present value or subtract it (if volatility decreased) from the option’s present value to obtain the option’s new value under the new volatility assumption. The calculation works on individual options and can analyze the value of the time spread.
Apply Vega to Time Spreads
Now, let us apply the concepts of Vega to the Time Spread. When you apply the Vega concept to time spreads, you observe that as implied volatility increases, the value of the time spread increases. This is because the out-month option, with the higher Vega will increase more than the closer month option with the lower Vega. That widens or increases the spread.
The chart below shows a time spread and its reaction to increasing volatility. Each time that implied volatility increases, the value of the time spreads increase. This increase would naturally favor the buyer.
Chart 4
Stock Price $ Vol. June / July 65 Oct / July 65
65.5 30 1.09 2.09
65.5 40 1.43 2.75
65.5 50 1.77 3.41
65.5 60 2.11 4.05
65.5 70 2.49 4.60
If an investor bought the time spread at low volatility and within a few weeks volatility had increased and pushed the spread price higher, the investor could sell the spread at a profit even before expiration.
Of course, the Vega can also demonstrate the opposing effect. As implied volatility decreases, the spread tightens or decreases in value. As volatility comes down, the out-month option with its higher Vega will lose value more quickly than will the nearer month option with its lower Vega. In the chart below, you will see how decreasing volatility affects the time spread’s value.
Chart 5
Stock Price $ Vol. June / July 65 Oct / July 65
65.5 70 2.49 4.60
65.5 60 2.11 4.05
65.5 50 1.77 3.41
65.5 40 1.43 2.75
65.5 30 1.09 2.09
Glance back to Charts 4 and 5. Take note that the stock price is constant. The changes in the price of the spreads are due to the change in volatility.
We discussed how to use Vega to calculate an option’s price when volatility changes. The same calculation method works for time spreads but the calculation is slightly more difficult.

Options Trading Mastery: Construction of the Time Spread

admin — Wed, 09 Dec 2009 15:12:52 +0000

Time spreads, also known as calendar spreads, are an ideal way to take advantage of time decay and changes in implied volatility. Time spread strategy focuses on the movement of time and volatility more than on the movement of the stock. Therefore, it is perfect for when you anticipate stagnant or explosive periods in a stock.
Time spreads, like other spreads, have their own risks and rewards. The risks are very limited for the buyer, but substantial for the seller. The seller’s risk can be avoided or contained with due diligence at the expiration of the near month’s option. Several strategies can affect the seller’s risk. The advantage of the time spread strategy is that the investor can pursue a time decay or volatility position without the large capital outlay necessary for the purchase of the stock.
The construction of the time spread involves the purchase of one option and the sale of another in different months with both having the same strike. You can construct a time spread using either two calls or two puts. A long time spread is constructed by purchasing the out month option and selling the nearer month option. For example, you buy the September 45 call, sell the August 45 call or buy April 30 puts, and sell February 30 puts. You can construct a short time spread by selling the farther out month and buying the nearer month. For instance, sell July 50 calls and buy May 50 calls.
The important elements in the construction of the time spread are: using two call or put options on the same stock, using the same strike for both, choosing different months for each and using a one to one ratio. A one to one ratio means that you must purchase one option for every one you sell or sell one option for every one you buy. A time spread can utilize any two months as long as it has the same strike price and the trade is in a one to one ratio.
Most time spreads are executed at-the-money because at-the-money options have the greatest amount of extrinsic value. An option’s extrinsic value is what decays over time. This is the basis of the time spread’s strategy. Since the time spread is built to take advantage of time decay, it is better suited for at-the-money options. This does not mean that you cannot use the time spread with in-the-money or out-of-the-money options. In-the-money and out-of-the-money options have less extrinsic value than at-the-money options.
The rate of decay of an in-the-money or out-of-the-money option with one month until expiration is still greater than an in-the-money or out-of-the-money option of the same strike that has three months to go before expiration. This being said, the time spread can be constructed using any option regardless if it is in, out, or at-the-money.

Options Trading Mastery: Getting Out or Rolling the Position

admin — Sun, 06 Dec 2009 21:44:40 +0000

The selection and management of a vertical spread are only two-thirds of the game. Closing out, rolling or morphing the position has to be analyzed and executed with the same due diligence as was used in the selection and management processes.
Looking at the closing out of a vertical call spread, we find there are three possible outcomes that must be addressed. The spread can finish out-of-the-money and valueless. For a call spread, this scenario occurs when the stock closes at or below the lower strike of the spread. In this scenario, in order to close out the spread, one would just let it expire. Both options finish out of the money so no residual position will be left over.
If the spread finishes fully in the money, (at maximum value) that is with both options in-the-money, then both options will be exercised. You will exercise your long call and your short call will be assigned. They will cancel each other out and you will be left with no residual position. This scenario occurs when the stock price closes lower than the lower strike call involved in the spread.
The difficult scenario is when the stock closes in between the two strikes of the spread. This scenario, the closing of the stock between the two strikes creates a situation where one strike winds up being in-the-money while the other ends up out-of-the-money.
When both options expire in-the-money, they are both exercised-one creating a long stock option, the other creating a short position thus canceling each other out. This is not the case here. Here, one option, the one that is in-the-money will leave a residual stock position and since the other option is out-of-the-money, it will not be able to be used to offset the residual stock position created by the expiring in-the-money option.
There are two actions that could be taken. Choice number one involves trading out of the spread on expiration Friday just before the close. Because of the bid/ask spread of the two options, you will probably have to give away some of your profits in order to close out the position. Giving up a portion of the profits may be the best thing to do in order to avoid naked, unlimited risk.
If you only trade out of the in-the-money option, you run the risk (albeit short-lived because you are doing this late on expiration day of the expiring month) that the stock moves adversely and the out-of-the-money option suddenly becomes in-the-money. If that happens, you will now be naked the residual stock position. Of course, if there is still time, you could always trade out of the option then but that is very risky. However, if the stock is at a relatively safe distance from the out-of-the-money you may want to just close out the in-the-money option and let the out-of-the money option expire worthless.
The two factors that must be considered are: the combination of the distance of the strike from the stock price in relation to the short amount of time for the stock to get there, and the amount of money saved by not buying back the out-of-the-money option. Remember, this is being done at the very end of the day on expiration day. These options only have minutes of life left. So, knowing this, the risk is somewhat mitigated, but still there none the less.
The catch is the proximity of the stock to the out-of-the-money option. If the stock is close to the out-of-the-money option, you would be best advised to trade out of the spread entirely.
Again, as stated before, if the stock closes either with the spread fully in-the-money, or fully out-of-the-money, the position will adjust itself through the exercise process leaving no residual position. If the stock price finishes between the two strikes, there will be a residual position. We discussed above how to trade out of this position. Your second choice is not to trade out and allow yourself to go through the expiration process. You must remember that if you are going to accept a residual stock position, you must be able to afford it.
Then, if you have 10 July 50 calls and you exercise them you will be receiving 1000 shares of stock at $50.00 per share. Thus, you must have $50,000.00 of cash and/or margin in your account to receive the stock. If you do not have enough cash and/or margin to accept delivery of the stock, then you must trade out of the position before it expires.

Options Trading Mastery: Rolling the Position

admin — Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:52:20 +0000

The selection and management of a vertical spread are only two-thirds of the game. Closing out, rolling or morphing the position has to be analyzed and executed with the same due diligence.
Looking at the closing out of a vertical call spread, we find there are three possible outcomes. The spread can finish out-of-the-money and valueless. For a call spread, this scenario occurs when the stock closes at or below the lower strike of the spread. In order to close out the spread, an investor would just let it expire. Both options finish out of the money so there is no residual position left over.
If the spread finishes fully in-the-money (at maximum value), meaning both options in-the-money, both options are exercised. You will exercise your long call and your short call will be assigned. They cancel each other out leaving you with no residual position. This scenario occurs when the stock price closes lower than the lower strike call involved in the spread.
Investors encounter a difficult scenario when a stock closes in between the two strikes of the spread. This creates a situation where one strike winds up being in-the-money while the other ends up out-of-the-money. When both options expire in-the-money, they are both exercised. One creates a long stock option, the other a short position canceling each other out. This is not the case here. The option that is in-the-money leaves a residual stock position. Since the other option is out-of-the-money, it cannot offset the residual stock position created by the expiring in-the-money option.
Two actions are possible in this scenario. One involves trading out of the spread on expiration Friday just before the close. Because of the bid/ask spread of the two options, you will probably have to give away some of your profits in order to close out the position. This may be the best thing to do in order to avoid naked, unlimited risk.
If you only trade out of the in-the-money option, you run the risk that the stock moves adversely and the out-of-the-money option suddenly becomes in-the-money. This risk is short-lived because you are doing this late on expiration day of the expiring month. If this happens, you will be naked in the residual stock position.
If there is still time, you can always trade out of the option, but that is very risky. If the stock is at a relatively safe distance from the out-of-the-money option, you may want to just close out the in-the-money option and let it expire worthless.
The two factors that must be considered are: the combination of the distance of the strike from the stock price in relation to the short amount of time for the stock to get there, and the amount of money saved by not buying back the out-of-the-money option. Remember, this takes place at the very end of the day on expiration day. These options only have minutes of life left. The risk is somewhat mitigated, but still there nonetheless.
The catch is the proximity of the stock to the out-of-the-money option. If the stock is close to the out-of-the-money option, it is best to trade out of the spread entirely.
As stated before, if the stock closes either with the spread fully in-the-money or out-of-the-money, the position will adjust itself through the exercise process leaving no residual position. If the stock price finishes between the two strikes, there will be a residual position.
We discussed how to trade out of this position. Your second choice is not to trade out and allow yourself to go through the expiration process. You must remember that if you are going to accept a residual stock position, you must be able to afford it.
If you have 10 July 50 calls and you exercise them, you will be receiving 1000 shares of stock at $50.00 per share. Thus, you must have $50,000.00 of cash and/or margin in your account to receive the stock. If you do not have enough cash and/or margin to accept delivery of the stock, then you must trade out of the position before it expires.